Migración en Venezuela, marco normativo e indicadores 2000- 2022 / Migration in Venezuela, regulatory framework and indicators 2000 - 2022

El objetivo fue describir el estado actual del marco normativo de migración, y la tendencia de indicadores de población y migración en Venezuela en el periodo 2000-2022.Métodos: Estudio descriptivo del marco normativo de migración y la tendencia de indicadores de población y migración en Venezuela. Indicadores: población total, tasa de dependencia demográfica (total, niñez, adulto mayor) y tasa de migración. Fuentes de datos: plataforma informativa salud y migración(marco normativo), Anuario estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe año 2000 al 2022 (indicadores de población).Resultados: El marco normativo de la migración en Venezuela está contenido en escasas leyes y Convenios Internacionales y regionales. La variación porcentual en la población venezolana fue descendente durante casi todo el periodo, donde se presentan incluso valores negativos para 2018-2021. La tasa anual decrecimiento poblacional, demostró un descenso constante y marcado desde el año 2000 hasta el año 2018, con altos valores negativos, luego asciende mostrando valores positivos a partir del año 2022, con un valor equivalente al año 2000. Conclusiones: El marco legal migratorio en Venezuela, es deficitario y no acorde a las necesidades de los migrantes. Los cambios ocurridos en la población venezolana de 2000 a 2022 fue debido a varios factores, siendo de gran impacto el fenómeno migratorio. La tasa de migración en Venezuela muestra tendencia negativa lo que indica que el país pierde población.

Objective Describe the current state of the regulatory framework for migration and the trend of populationand migration indicators in Venezuela for the period2000-2022. Methods: Descriptive study of the regulatory framework for migration and the trend of population andmigration indicators in Venezuela. Sample of national and international documents (regulatory framework). Indicators: total population, demographic dependency rate (total,childhood, elderly) and migration rate. Data sources: health andmigration information platform (regulatory framework) LatinAmerica and the Caribbean Statistical Yearbook 2000 to 2022(population indicators) Results: The regulatory framework formigration in Venezuela is contained in few international andregional laws and agreements. The percentage variation in the Venezuelan population was downward during almost the entireperiod, where even negative values are presented for 2018-2021.The annual rate of population growth showed a constant andmarked decrease from the year 2000 to the year 2018 with highnegative values, then it ascends showing positive values from theyear 2022 with a value equivalent to the year 2000. Conclusions:The migratory legal framework in Venezuela is deficient anddoes not meet the needs of migrants. The changes that haveoccurred in the Venezuelan population from 2000 to 2022 wasdue to several factors, the migratory phenomenon being of greatimpact. the migration rate in Venezuela shows a negative trend,which indicates that the country is losing population.

Global evidence of rapid urban growth in flood zones since 1985.

Disaster losses are increasing and evidence is mounting that climate change is driving up the probability of extreme natural shocks1-3. Yet it has also proved politically expedient to invoke climate change as an exogenous force that supposedly places disasters beyond the influence of local and national authorities4,5. However, locally determined patterns of urbanization and spatial development are key factors to the exposure and vulnerability of people to climatic shocks6. Using high-resolution annual data, this study shows that, since 1985, human settlements around the world-from villages to megacities-have expanded continuously and rapidly into present-day flood zones. In many regions, growth in the most hazardous flood zones is outpacing growth in non-exposed zones by a large margin, particularly in East Asia, where high-hazard settlements have expanded 60% faster than flood-safe settlements. These results provide systematic evidence of a divergence in the exposure of countries to flood hazards. Instead of adapting their exposure, many countries continue to actively amplify their exposure to increasingly frequent climatic shocks.

Influence of the size of the cities of birth and residence in the sports career: an analysis through the bolsa-atleta program / Influência do tamanho das cidades de nascimento e residência na carreira desportiva: uma análise por meio do programa bolsa-atleta

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify whether the size of municipalities in which Brazilian high-performance athletes are born or live influences the federal government subsidy, in addition to pointing out whether factors such as human development index, demographic density and municipal investment in sports also exert influence. The sample consisted of 2,033 Brazilian municipalities that had athletes, born or resident, receiving the Brazilian incentive Bolsa-Atleta program. The size of municipalities influences the amount and level of grant obtained, demonstrating that the smaller the population size, the lower the chance of obtaining a higher grant level. In addition, factors such as human development index, demographic density and investment in sport influence the acquisition of grants by athletes, mainly by resident athletes, which shows an internal sports migration in the country as a result.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar se o tamanho dos municípios em que os atletas brasileiros de rendimento nascem ou residem gera influência na obtenção de subsídio pelo governo federal, além de apontar se fatores como índices de desenvolvimento humano, densidade demográfica e investimento municipal no esporte também exercem influência. A amostra consistiu em 2033 municípios brasileiros que apresentaram atletas nascidos ou residentes contemplados pelo programa de incentivo brasileiro Bolsa-Atleta. Por meio da análise, pode-se verificar que o tamanho dos municípios influência na quantidade e no nível de bolsa obtido, demonstrando que quanto menor o tamanho da população, menor a chance de se obter um nível mais alto de bolsa. Além disto, pode-se notar que fatores como índices de desenvolvimento humano, densidade demográfica e investimento no esporte exercem influência na aquisição de bolsas pelos atletas, principalmente, por parte de atletas residentes, o que evidencia uma migração esportiva interna no país.

Low parasite connectivity among three malaria hotspots in Thailand.

Identifying sources and sinks of malaria transmission is critical for designing effective intervention strategies particularly as countries approach elimination. The number of malaria cases in Thailand decreased 90% between 2012 and 2020, yet elimination has remained a major public health challenge with persistent transmission foci and ongoing importation. There are three main hotspots of malaria transmission in Thailand: Ubon Ratchathani and Sisaket in the Northeast; Tak in the West; and Yala in the South. However, the degree to which these hotspots are connected via travel and importation has not been well characterized. Here, we develop a metapopulation model parameterized by mobile phone call detail record data to estimate parasite flow among these regions. We show that parasite connectivity among these regions was limited, and that each of these provinces independently drove the malaria transmission in nearby provinces. Overall, our results suggest that due to the low probability of domestic importation between the transmission hotspots, control and elimination strategies can be considered separately for each region.

Voces que viajan: sueños que vuelan: vidas que se transmutan relatos de migración / Voices that travel: dreams that fly. Lives that transmute migration stories

Abordar en este ensayo relatos de migración, exigió una mirada fenoménica existencial-genero-sensitiva; en torno a lo vivido y experienciado por 05 mujeres venezolanas que migraron a Ecuador. Propósito. Visibilizar las razones que las obligaron a emigrar, estrategias de sobrevivencia en los nuevos hogares transnacionales. Evidenciar que hay detrás de la feminizacion de la migración y la situación de salud de las migrantes. En qué dimensión el acceso a los servicios de salud afecta la salud de las mujeres migrantes. Lo metódico: Paradigma cualitativo enfoque fenomenológico-existencial. Análisis de discurso. La técnica dialógica para la recolección de información fue la entrevista focalizada. Se realizaron 10 grabaciones en total. Se utilizó consentimiento informado. Las entrevistas fueron sometidas a su respectivo itinerario metodológico. Aproximaciones: Las razones de migrar: huir de la situación económica, política y social que vive Venezuela. Se repiten los roles y estereotipos de género. Ubicación de las mujeres en las cadenas globales del cuidado, oficios del hogar. El acceso a los servicios de salud es un proceso lento, burocrático y sin resolución. El modelo Bio-Medico en la relación médico-paciente estuvo marcado por la Indiferencia, exclusión, ejercicio del poder. Clara violación al Derecho a la Salud y los Derechos Humanos.

Addressing in this essay stories of migration, demanded an existential-gender-sensitive phenomenal look at what was experienced and experienced by 05 Venezuelan women who migrated to Ecuador. Purpose. To make visible the reasons that forced them to emigrate, survival strategies in the new transnational homes. To show that there is behind Addressing in this essay stories of migration, demanded an existential-gender-sensitive phenomenal look at what was experienced and experienced by 05 Venezuelan women who migrated to Ecuador. Purpose. To make visible the reasons that forced them to emigrate, survival strategies in the new transnational homes. To show that there is behind the feminization of migration and the health situation of migrants. The extent to which access to health services affects the health of migrant women. The methodical: Qualitative paradigm phenomenological-existential approach. Discourse analysis. The dialogic technique for collecting information was the focused interview. A total of 10 recordings were made. Informed consent was used. The interviews were submitted to their respective methodological itinerary. Approaches: The reasons for migrating: fleeing the economic, political and social situation in Venezuela. The roles are repeated and the feminization of migration and the health situation of migrants. The extent to which access to health services affects the health of migrant women. The Bio-Medical model in the doctor-patient relationship, was marked by indifference, exclusion, exercise of power. Clear violation of the right to health and human rights.

Encuesta Anual de Hogares 2020: Estructura de la población. Ciudad de Buenos Aires (Informe de resultados, 1604)

El presente informe tiene como objetivo describir la composición de la población que reside en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (CABA) en base a las variables sexo,edad y lugar de nacimiento. La Ciudad muestra una composición de su población feminizada y envejecida, sin embargo no es homogénea en su interior. Las comunas de la zona Norte son las más envejecidas y por ende las que muestran mayor presencia femenina en su interior, debido a la mayor longevidad de las mujeres. En cambio, las de zona Sur cuentan con mayor cantidad de niñas/os y en conjunto, su índice de masculinidad es más alto que la media de la Ciudad. En las de zona Centro, la estructura de la población se asemeja al total de la Ciudad. Estas diferencias según las distintas divisiones político administrativas y socioespaciales impactan en el nivel de crecimiento de la Ciudad y exponen necesidades específicas relacionadas con la vivienda, salud, seguridad social, mercado de trabajo y educación, entre otras, para cada zona de la Ciudad. En este informe de resultados se difunden las particularidades de la estructura poblacional de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires que surgen de la información obtenida con la Encuesta Anual de Hogares 2020 y se analizan sus características más destacadas. Se incorpora también el análisis de la estructura por zona y condición migratoria. (AU)

Characterizing human mobility patterns in rural settings of sub-Saharan Africa.

Human mobility is a core component of human behavior and its quantification is critical for understanding its impact on infectious disease transmission, traffic forecasting, access to resources and care, intervention strategies, and migratory flows. When mobility data are limited, spatial interaction models have been widely used to estimate human travel, but have not been extensively validated in low- and middle-income settings. Geographic, sociodemographic, and infrastructure differences may impact the ability for models to capture these patterns, particularly in rural settings. Here, we analyzed mobility patterns inferred from mobile phone data in four Sub-Saharan African countries to investigate the ability for variants on gravity and radiation models to estimate travel. Adjusting the gravity model such that parameters were fit to different trip types, including travel between more or less populated areas and/or different regions, improved model fit in all four countries. This suggests that alternative models may be more useful in these settings and better able to capture the range of mobility patterns observed.

Relationships between urbanization and CO2 emissions in China: An empirical analysis of population migration.

China's announcement of its goal of carbon neutrality has increased the practical significance of research on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that result from urbanization. With a comprehensive consideration of population migration in China, this study examines the impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions based on provincial panel data from 2000 to 2012. Two indicators (resident population and household registration population) are used to measure urbanization rate. The results reveal that the impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions in China is closely correlated with the structure of urban resident population and interregional population migration. The estimation results are still robust by using generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator and two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator. The proportion of temporary residents is introduced as a proxy variable for population migration. The panel threshold model regression results show that the proportion of temporary residents has a marginal effect on the relationship between urbanization and CO2 emissions. In regions with a higher proportion of temporary residents, the positive effects of resident population urbanization on CO2 emissions tend to be weaker. These findings are consistent with the theories of ecological modernization and urban environmental transition. This paper makes suggestions on China's urbanization development model and countermeasures are proposed to minimize the CO2 emissions caused by urbanization.

Spatial epidemiological study of the distribution, clustering, and risk factors associated with early COVID-19 mortality in Mexico.

COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has significantly impacted economic and public healthcare systems worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is highly lethal in older adults (>65 years old) and in cases with underlying medical conditions, including chronic respiratory diseases, immunosuppression, and cardio-metabolic diseases, including severe obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. The course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico has led to many fatal cases in younger patients attributable to cardio-metabolic conditions. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to perform an early spatial epidemiological analysis for the COVID-19 outbreak in Mexico. Firstly, to evaluate how mortality risk from COVID-19 among tested individuals (MRt) is geographically distributed and secondly, to analyze the association of spatial predictors of MRt across different states in Mexico, controlling for the severity of the disease. Among health-related variables, diabetes and obesity were positively associated with COVID-19 fatality. When analyzing Mexico as a whole, we identified that both the percentages of external and internal migration had positive associations with early COVID-19 mortality risk with external migration having the second-highest positive association. As an indirect measure of urbanicity, population density, and overcrowding in households, the physicians-to-population ratio has the highest positive association with MRt. In contrast, the percentage of individuals in the age group between 10 to 39 years had a negative association with MRt. Geographically, Quintana Roo, Baja California, Chihuahua, and Tabasco (until April 2020) had higher MRt and standardized mortality ratios, suggesting that risks in these states were above what was nationally expected. Additionally, the strength of the association between some spatial predictors and the COVID-19 fatality risk varied by zone.

Analysing human population movement data for malaria control and elimination.

BACKGROUND: Human population movement poses a major obstacle to malaria control and elimination. With recent technological advances, a wide variety of data sources and analytical methods have been used to quantify human population movement (HPM) relevant to control and elimination of malaria. METHODS: The relevant literature and selected studies that had policy implications that could help to design or target malaria control and elimination interventions were reviewed. These studies were categorized according to spatiotemporal scales of human mobility and the main method of analysis. RESULTS: Evidence gaps exist for tracking routine cross-border HPM and HPM at a regional scale. Few studies accounted for seasonality. Out of twenty included studies, two studies which tracked daily neighbourhood HPM used descriptive analyses as the main method, while the remaining studies used statistical analyses or mathematical modelling. CONCLUSION: Although studies quantified varying types of human population movement covering different spatial and temporal scales, methodological gaps remain that warrant further studies related to malaria control and elimination.

Prevalence of winter migration to warmer destinations among Ontarians ("snowbirds") and patterns of their use of health care services: a population-based analysis.

BACKGROUND: Older Canadians frequently migrate to warmer destinations for the winter season (snowbirds). Our aim was to examine the prevalence of migration to warmer destinations among Ontarians, and to compare the characteristics and use of health care services of snowbirds to those of older Ontarians who did not migrate for the winter. METHODS: We conducted a population-based analysis using health administrative databases from Ontario. We compiled 10 seasonal cohorts (2009/10 to 2018/19) of adults aged 65 or more who filled a travel supply of medications under the Ontario Drug Benefits program (snowbirds) between September and January (snowbird season). We calculated the seasonal prevalence of snowbirds per 100 Ontarians aged 65 or more. We matched each snowbird in the 2018/19 season to 2 nonsnowbirds on age and sex, and compared their characteristics and patterns of use of government-funded health care services. RESULTS: Over the 10-year period, 53 431 to 70 863 Ontarians aged 65 or more were identified as snowbirds (seasonal prevalence 2.6%-3.3%). Compared to nonsnowbirds, snowbirds were more likely to be recent migrants, live in higher-income neighbourhoods, have fewer comorbidities and make more visits to primary care physicians. From January to March 2019, snowbirds accessed government-funded health care services for a median of 0 days (interquartile range [IQR] 0-1 d), compared to 4 days (IQR 2-8 d) among nonsnowbirds. INTERPRETATION: About 3% of older Ontarians migrate to warmer destinations for the winter each season. Since few access health care services in Ontario from January to March, researchers are encouraged to consider the snowbird population and the impact of their absence on evaluations that assume continuous observation.

Isotopic evidence for geographic heterogeneity in Ancient Greek military forces.

Increased mobility and human interactions in the Mediterranean region during the eighth through fifth centuries BCE resulted in heterogeneous communities held together by political and cultural affiliations, periodically engaged in military conflict. Ancient historians write of alliances that aided the Greek Sicilian colony Himera in victory against a Carthaginian army of hired foreign mercenaries in 480 BCE, and the demise of Himera when it fought Carthage again in 409 BCE, this time unaided. Archaeological human remains from the Battles of Himera provide unique opportunities to test early written history by geochemically assessing the geographic origins of ancient Greek fighting forces. We report strontium and oxygen isotope ratios of tooth enamel from 62 Greek soldiers to evaluate the historically-based hypothesis that a coalition of Greek allies saved Himera in 480 BCE, but not in 409 BCE. Among the burials of 480 BCE, approximately two-thirds of the individuals are non-local, whereas among the burials of 409 BCE, only one-quarter are non-local, in support of historical accounts. Although historical accounts specifically mention Sicilian Greek allies aiding Himera, isotopic values of many of the 480 BCE non-locals are consistent with geographic regions beyond Sicily, suggesting Greek tyrants hired foreign mercenaries from more distant places. We describe how the presence of mercenary soldiers confronts prevailing interpretations of traditional Greek values and society. Greek fighting forces reflect the interconnectedness and heterogeneity of communities of the time, rather than culturally similar groups of neighbors fighting for a common cause, unified by "Greekness," as promoted in ancient texts.

Demographics and outcomes of hepatitis B and D: A 10-year retrospective analysis in a Swiss tertiary referral center.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health challenge with approximately 250-350 million chronically infected individuals. An improved understanding of the demographic features and outcomes of chronic HBV infection and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in low-endemic areas may improve prevention, early identification and management both at individual and community levels. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment rates and outcomes of adult patients with chronic HBV infection with or without HDV coinfection examined at Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland over a 10-year period. METHODS: We analyzed the medical records of all adult patients with chronic HBV and HDV infection examined in our center between 2007 and 2016. Liver-related outcome was defined as the occurrence of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation or liver-related death. Analyses were performed using logistic regression and results were reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Of 672 consecutive patients, 421 (62.6%) were male, median age was 36 years (interquartile range, 28-46 years), and 233 (34.7%) were of African origin. The prevalence of HDV coinfection was 7.1% and the proportion of anti-HDV-positive patients with detectable HDV RNA was 70.0%. In multivariate analysis, HDV coinfection was the strongest predictor for liver-related outcome (OR 6.06, 95% CI 2.93-12.54, p<0.001), followed by HBeAg positivity (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.30-4.69, p = 0.006), age (OR per 10-year increase 2.03, 95% CI 1.63-2.52, p<0.001) and sex (OR for female 0.39, 95% CI 0.22-0.71, p = 0.002). The predictive accuracy of the multivariate model was high (receiver operator characteristic area under the curve 0.81). CONCLUSION: This retrospective study underscores the importance of migration in the epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B in low-endemic areas. HDV coinfection, HBeAg positivity and age predicted liver-related outcomes while female sex had a protective effect.

Exploring the influence of human mobility factors and spread prediction on early COVID-19 in the USA.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is still spreading rapidly around the world. In this context, how to accurately predict the turning point, duration and final scale of the epidemic in different countries, regions or cities is key to enabling decision makers and public health departments to formulate intervention measures and deploy resources. METHODS: Based on COVID-19 surveillance data and human mobility data, this study predicts the epidemic trends of national and state regional administrative units in the United States from July 27, 2020, to January 22, 2021, by constructing a SIRD model considering the factors of "lockdown" and "riot". RESULTS: (1) The spread of the epidemic in the USA has the characteristics of geographical proximity. (2) During the lockdown period, there was a strong correlation between the number of COVID-19 infected cases and residents' activities in recreational areas such as parks. (3) The turning point (the point of time in which active infected cases peak) of the early epidemic in the USA was predicted to occur in September. (4) Among the 10 states experiencing the most severe epidemic, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Texas, Illinois, Pennsylvania and California are all predicted to meet the turning point in a concentrated period from July to September, while the turning point in Georgia is forecast to occur in December. No turning points in Florida and Arizona were foreseen for the forecast period, with the number of infected cases still set to be growing rapidly. CONCLUSIONS: The model was found accurately to predict the future trend of the epidemic and can be applied to other countries. It is worth noting that in the early stage there is no vaccine or approved pharmaceutical intervention for this disease, making the fight against the pandemic reliant on non-pharmaceutical interventions. Therefore, reducing mobility, focusing on personal protection and increasing social distance remain still the most effective measures to date.

Citizenship, Migration and Mobility in a Pandemic (CMMP): A global dataset of COVID-19 restrictions on human movement.

This research note introduces a new global dataset, the Citizenship, Migration and Mobility in a Pandemic (CMMP). The dataset features systematic information on border closures and domestic lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 outbreak in 211 countries and territories worldwide from 1 March to 1 June 2020. It documents the evolution of the types and scope of international travel bans and exceptions to them, as well as internal measures including limitations of non-essential movement and curfews in 27 countries. CMMP can be used to study causes and effects of policy restrictions to migration and mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic. The dataset is available through Cadmus and will be regularly updated until the last pandemic-related restriction has been lifted or become long-term.

Parental migration and psychological well-being of left-behind adolescents in Western Nepal.

INTRODUCTION: International migration is increasing rapidly around the world mostly to obtain a job. International migrant workers usually leave their children back in their country of origin, and among family members, adolescents may experience greater psychological distress from parental separation. However, limited evidence is available on the relationship between parental international migration and psychological well-being of left-behind adolescents. Nepal has a relatively higher and increasing number of international migrants, and this study was conducted to examine the association between parental international migration and the psychological well-being of left-behind adolescents in Nepal. METHODS: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 626 adolescents in two districts of Western Nepal, where international migration is common. Adolescents were recruited through random sampling. Pre-tested "Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire" was used to measure their psychological well-being and simple and multiple linear regression were used to examine the association between parental international migration and the psychological well-being of left-behind adolescents. RESULTS: Adolescents with none of the parents living abroad were more likely to have higher total difficulties score compared to those with one of the parents living abroad (B: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.18, 1.86; p = 0.017). Adolescents with the following factors were more likely to have higher total difficulties score in comparison to their counterparts: adolescents in their late adolescence period, female adolescents, adolescents from ethnicities other than Brahmin and adolescents studying in private schools. CONCLUSION: In rural districts of Nepal, where international migration is common, adolescents living with the parents were more likely to have poorer psychological well-being compared to those with one of the parents living abroad. Adolescents' adaptation mechanism for the absence of parents for international migration might be explored in the future studies.

El Dr. Nicolás Triantafilo Klotza, los inicios de la Universidad de Antofagasta y la inmigración griega en el norte de Chile / Dr. Nicolás Triantafilo Klotza, the beginnings of the University of Antofagasta and Greek immigration in northern Chile

La Anatomía Humana en la Universidad de Chile, sede Antofagasta, fue el cimiento esencial para dar inicio a la carrera de medicina en 1971, como consecuencia de la Reforma Universitaria, creando las sedes Regionales de la Universidad. Un grupo de médicos-profesores, hijos de familias europeas, de los Balcanes, dictaban las clases en las aulas de ciencias de la salud en varias carreras de esta sede. En la década del 50, se suma a este grupo el médicocirujano Nicolás Triantafilo-Klotza (1922-2008), de ascendencia helénica, quien comienza organizando la asignatura de Patología para luego asumir la Cátedra de Anatomía Humana, siendo su titular hasta el año 1973, formando la "Unidad de Anatomía Humana". La Anatomía Humana era impartida en el anfiteatro del Hospital Regional "Leonardo Guzmán", para todas las carreras de la Salud y algunas carreras del área de Ciencias Sociales. Con la reforma universitaria de los 80 se descentraliza la educación superior estatal chilena, creándose las universidades regionales con autonomía propia. Esto generaría la Universidad de Antofagasta, entre otras, fruto de la fusión, decretada el 10 de marzo de 1981, de la UTE y la Universidad de Chile. La sede que ambas tenían en Antofagasta se transformó en la Universidad de Antofagasta, tal como la conocemos hoy. La carrera de medicina de la Universidad de Antofagasta renace en 1995.

Human Anatomy at the University of Chile, in Antofagasta, was the essential foundation for the beginning of the medical career in 1971, as consequence of the University Reform, creating the Regional branches of the University. A doctors-teachers group, descendent of European families, of the Balkans, were teaching health sciences in various courses at the University. In the 50's, the physician-surgeon Nicolás TriantafiloKlotza (1922-2008), of Greek descent, joined the group. He began organizing the Pathology course and later assumed the Chair of Human Anatomy, being its holder until 1973, forming the "Human Anatomy Unit". Human Anatomy taught in the amphitheater of the Regional Hospital "Leonardo Guzman", for all the careers of Health and some careers in the area of Social Sciences. With the university reform of the 80s, the Chilean state higher education was decentralized, creating regional universities with their own autonomy. This would generate the Universidad de Antofagasta, among others, as result of the merger, decreed on March 10, 1981, of the UTE and the Universidad de Chile. Both headquarters in Antofagasta was transformed into the Universidad de Antofagasta, as we know today. The medical career of the University of Antofagasta was reborn in 1995.

A Model of Care Optimized for Marginalized Remote Population Unravels Migration Pattern in India.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Access to basic health needs remains a challenge for most of world's population. In this study, we developed a care model for preventive and disease-specific health care for an extremely remote and marginalized population in Arunachal Pradesh, the northeasternmost state of India. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We performed patient screenings, performed interviews, and obtained blood samples in remote villages of Arunachal Pradesh through a tablet-based data collection application, which was later synced to a cloud database for storage. Positive cases of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were confirmed and genotyped in our central laboratory. The blood tests performed included liver function tests, HBV serologies, and HBV genotyping. HBV vaccination was provided as appropriate. A total of 11,818 participants were interviewed, 11,572 samples collected, and 5,176 participants vaccinated from the 5 westernmost districts in Arunachal Pradesh. The overall hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence was found to be 3.6% (n = 419). In total, 34.6% were hepatitis B e antigen positive (n = 145) and 25.5% had HBV DNA levels greater than 20,000 IU/mL (n = 107). Genotypic analysis showed that many patients were infected with HBV C/D recombinants. Certain tribes showed high seroprevalence, with rates of 9.8% and 6.3% in the Miji and Nishi tribes, respectively. The prevalence of HBsAg in individuals who reported medical injections was 3.5%, lower than the overall prevalence of HBV. CONCLUSIONS: Our unique, simplistic model of care was able to link a highly resource-limited population to screening, preventive vaccination, follow-up therapeutic care, and molecular epidemiology to define the migratory nature of the population and disease using an electronic platform. This model of care can be applied to other similar settings globally.

The growth equation of cities.

The science of cities seeks to understand and explain regularities observed in the world's major urban systems. Modelling the population evolution of cities is at the core of this science and of all urban studies. Quantitatively, the most fundamental problem is to understand the hierarchical organization of city population and the statistical occurrence of megacities. This was first thought to be described by a universal principle known as Zipf's law1,2; however, the validity of this model has been challenged by recent empirical studies3,4. A theoretical model must also be able to explain the relatively frequent rises and falls of cities and civilizations5, but despite many attempts6-10 these fundamental questions have not yet been satisfactorily answered. Here we introduce a stochastic equation for modelling population growth in cities, constructed from an empirical analysis of recent datasets (for Canada, France, the UK and the USA). This model reveals how rare, but large, interurban migratory shocks dominate city growth. This equation predicts a complex shape for the distribution of city populations and shows that, owing to finite-time effects, Zipf's law does not hold in general, implying a more complex organization of cities. It also predicts the existence of multiple temporal variations in the city hierarchy, in agreement with observations5. Our result underlines the importance of rare events in the evolution of complex systems11 and, at a more practical level, in urban planning.

The scales of human mobility.

There is a contradiction at the heart of our current understanding of individual and collective mobility patterns. On the one hand, a highly influential body of literature on human mobility driven by analyses of massive empirical datasets finds that human movements show no evidence of characteristic spatial scales. There, human mobility is described as scale free1-3. On the other hand, geographically, the concept of scale-referring to meaningful levels of description from individual buildings to neighbourhoods, cities, regions and countries-is central for the description of various aspects of human behaviour, such as socioeconomic interactions, or political and cultural dynamics4,5. Here we resolve this apparent paradox by showing that day-to-day human mobility does indeed contain meaningful scales, corresponding to spatial 'containers' that restrict mobility behaviour. The scale-free results arise from aggregating displacements across containers. We present a simple model-which given a person's trajectory-infers their neighbourhood, city and so on, as well as the sizes of these geographical containers. We find that the containers-characterizing the trajectories of more than 700,000 individuals-do indeed have typical sizes. We show that our model is also able to generate highly realistic trajectories and provides a way to understand the differences in mobility behaviour across countries, gender groups and urban-rural areas.